MARINE CONSERVATION IN THE MENAI BAY, ZANZIBAR
CHARLOTTE TURNER, MARCH 2023
VOLUNTEERING ON A MARINE PROJECT IN OCTOBER 22 GAVE PERSONAL INSIGHTS INTO CONSERVATION EFFORTS IN THIS AREA.

KIZIMIKAZI DIMBANI BAY, UNGUJA ISLAND, ZANZIBAR. A KEY LANDING SITE FOR FISHERMEN AND DOLPHIN TOURISM.
Zanzibar is an archipelago, east of the mainland, Tanzania. The islands are surrounded by the Indian Ocean rich with marine life – a diver’s paradise - fringed by pristine coral reef. The largest of the islands, Unguja, is often what people refer to as Zanzibar - its capital Stone Town known historically as the epicentre of the spice trade. To the south west lies the Menai Bay Conservation Area (MBCA) – 470km² of relatively shallow pristine waters (<50m), home to Indo-Pacific bottlenose and Indian-Ocean humpback dolphin (a combined population estimated at around 200): the latter classified as endangered due to its low reproductive capacity (a 63% reduction in abundance 2002 – 2020). Humpback whales appear during their migration June to November, the biodiversity of the Menai Bay secured its status as an area of marine conservation in 1997.
Despite this recognition as a marine conservation area, and an Important Marine Mammal Area (IMMA) by the Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force (MMPATF), on the ground conservation efforts and projects to collect and analyse data seem to have been largely ignored, or perhaps just misunderstood? Kizimkazi (Dimbani in Kizimkazi Dimbani which distinguishes it from neighbouring inland village Kizimkazi Mkunguni, is often dropped) was elected as the headquarters of the MCBA is 2002. In their news bulletin Pleasing the Tourists and Saving the Fish, WWF claim they first “became involved in the problems of the Menai Bay” in 1994. However, if their presence was ever felt it is no more. On the edge of the village, atop a cliff, sits an official looking concrete structure – the Menai Bay Conservation Centre. There is never anyone there, and rumour has it there never has been. Sustaining previous efforts or intentions is perhaps the key.
African Impact initiated a marine conservation project in Zanzibar in early 2022, creating a base in Kizimkazi, the perfect spot from which to monitor dolphin behaviour, along with the extent of coral reef bleaching, and the fishing industry’s impact on (and prosperity from) the bay. The fishermen’s landing site - a concrete block - is perhaps the most frequented place in the village, sitting simply and proudly just by the edge of the beach. African Impacts volunteer home is only a few steps away. In an interview the marine project coordinator Jason Kipling explains “Kizimkazi is the main landing site for dolphin tourism on the island, it is where most of the boats leave, taking tourists to swim with the dolphins.” Jason expressed concerns over dolphins travelling further away from Kizimkazi to avoid human activities, whereas closer to the shore there is the sheltered, shallow habitat essential for feeding, resting and nursing. As the dolphins are active early, so will the volunteers be, and a short stroll to the boat is optimal and enjoyable - a key factor in ensuring the experience is enjoyed thus ensuring further enrolment.
MARINE VOLUNTEERING, OUT ON THE WATER.
Monitoring dolphin tourism is a key element of the marine project. Volunteers record data on dolphin surface time, behavioural tendency (travelling, socialising, resting), the number of adults and calves, and the number of tourists and tourist boats. The data Jason collects shows a direct correlation between the number of tourist boats and the dolphins showing signs of stress - “it shows clearly that the more boats there are – the less surface time the dolphins have.” The marine conservation project has already brought to light the issue of sustainability with regard to the dolphin tourism industry in Kizimkazi as boat drivers tend to swarm dolphin pods in order to give tourists optimal vantage points. The ICUN and MMPATF reported that unregulated and unmanaged dolphin tourism clearly affected the short-term behaviour of nursing females back in 2020.

The data visualisation to the left shows less dolphin surface time when the number of tourists and tourist boats increases. The data is from African Impact's Dolphin Tourism Monitoring Annual Summary 2022. The video to the right depicts dolphin tourism in the Menai Bay.
Coral reef monitoring is another role of African Impact’s marine volunteers. Jason monitors lagoon reefs on a weekly basis (Jambiani), and deeper water reefs on a bi-weekly basis (Pungume reef). The data collected shows a clear differentiation between the extent of coral bleaching in shallow, compared to, deep waters. Jason also feels boat drivers are damaging the reef because they are unaware of their actions – “most of the boat drivers aren’t conscious of what they are doing – so they will stop over these coral reefs, throw their anchors out, unaware they are destroying loads of it.” This leads to broken coral; and data shows this to be more common in branching species rather than foliaceous or boulder and, unfortunately, the data shows this type to be more affected by bleaching too.
The data above shows the estimated percentage % of live hard coral, bleached coral and death of bleached coral (mortality) at both Jambiani Reef (a lagoon reef with shallow waters) and Pungume Reef (in deep waters out in the ocean, en-route to Dar es Salaam). The shallow waters show, affected by slight changes in weather patterns; the deep waters show more consistent data, with almost no mortality and minimal coral bleaching. The data analysed is from African Impact's Coral Data Entry 2022.
In an interview Jason did touch upon expected weather patterns - they are expecting the next few summers to be a lot hotter than the previous ones - “We have just basically come out of a ‘La Niña’ which is a weather system generally associated with a few years of cooler temperatures, as we move out of that and back into the ‘El Niño’ system, there is the potential, and there is a forecast for higher ocean temperatures.” These are two global opposing climate patterns: during ‘El Niño’ trade winds weaken, whereas during ‘La Niña’ trade winds strengthen and the effects are felt globally. However, there could be a temporary saving grace for the coral, April generally is the start of a period where “for a few months the water temperatures drop quite drastically, which is a coral re-generation period.”
African Impact’s ‘Eco dolphin tours’ initiative was born out of the behaviour witnessed by Jason whilst monitoring dolphin tourism. Surely it is in the boat drivers’ interest to maintain a happy dolphin population? Jason now encourages the boat drivers to join his initiative, teaching them how to operate environmentally ethical dolphin tours – keeping their distance, driving responsibly and being aware of how the dolphins behave/are affected, in turn training them in an eco-sense, and promoting their services over others to the increasing number of tourists wanting to witness the species in the bay.
African Impact aren’t alone in seeing the potential Kizimkazi has as the perfect place to monitor marine life. In an interview, marine biologist Max Ratusinski explained why he chose the “relatively isolated” location to collect fishing data for his research project, over a three-month period at the end of last year. He wanted a landing site where fishermen used a range of fishing gears, his plan to so record “the vessel type, gear type they use,” and then “how much they fish and what - the size and the species.” Max spent three months on Unguja in the end, and the vast amount of data he collected (719 catches) gave valuable insight into not only fishing but how it impacts the lives of the locals; “I wanted to look at the composition of the community – the fishing signature we call it,” he commented, “it is all men fishing – you have an interesting balance in Kizimkazi, the main source of income, and sustenance and livelihood is fishing – but also tourism.”
FISHERMEN AND THEIR CATCH, KIZIMKAZI LANDING SITE BY THE BEACH.
Max appreciated the ingenuity of the locals during his research period, and his qualitative research highlighted how fishing and tourism - in such an environment - naturally intertwine. Speaking of the local fishermen he says, “they are quite flexible, so they have a boat, and they either go fishing – or they take tourists out. Then the women are also still involved, at low tide they go out and collect shells.” Fishmongers are also often women. In essence the men seek to own a boat and fish, the value chain from this activity transfers into the community as a whole. It is perhaps naive to perceive the fish seen on most menus across the island – tuna, snapper, king fish – as the most valuable catch although the local community’s excitement is palpable when they succeed. He explained how although it may seem beneficial to catch big fish, it is better for biodiversity if mostly smaller fish are caught – after having bred once – following by a slightly lesser amount of medium sized fish, and then a smaller number of bigger fish which reproduce more effectively and have a lower mortality rate. Intending to only catch the more valuable, bigger fish does ensure sales to hotels, but can be counterintuitive as it costs more in fuel and there is less chance of success. “You don’t always get a tuna. You don’t get a tuna every day - you don’t get a tuna every week” and referring to smaller catch and potential income, “it is more reliable.”
Feasibility plays a role too. Fisherman (and/or tourist boat drivers) use either fibre glass boats with a motor, capable of fishing for larger fish, or dhows – a traditional mango wood raft like sailing vessel with a hull to sit in, and a mast and sail. Some of the fisherman passed far out at sea are almost floating on small dhows, oars in hand, yet they must be going where the ocean takes them; these fishermen would not be fishing for tuna. Max ended up working alongside African Impact in some respects, as their interests and goals aligned, and as African Impact were already welcome and established in Kizimkazi – their relationship assisted in the locals trusting him too.
Alongside the marine project, education volunteers (as opposed to marine) teach Unguja’s youth and adults, a life changing opportunity for many as, prior to this, teachers were unpaid (mostly parents of school children), trying to make ends meet alongside educating their children. These volunteers concentrate on teaching, yet the marine volunteers are also involved. Initiatives such as Conservation Club intertwine with academic schooling and are run by the marine volunteers. The club - designed to instil conservation awareness is a popular after school class, seen as a privilege to the kids at school who want to attend. They wait in line for their weekly sticker to prove their presence - all classes must be attended to ensure their spot on an end-of-term school trip. In October 2022 this was to the islands Jozani Forest, classed as part of the MBCA for its mangroves where, jet black and smelling faintly of peat, small colourful crabs live between their roots.
KIZIMKAZI'S YOUNGER GENERATION, TAUGHT BY ELDERS AMONG THEIR COMMUNITY
Influencing the views of the younger generation is part of African Impacts marine teams’ goal, in the hope that their conservation efforts are sustained should they leave Kizimkazi. Data is collected on increased awareness by instilling a pre and post term test with the same questions, aiming to show a growing understanding among those taught. And it seems to be working! Flicking through the papers – yes, it is all paper and pen – exposes red crosses at the start of term, replaced with green ticks by the end.
The Menai Bays potential to remain a pristine marine eco-system is clearly recognised by many. On the ground it almost feels like Kizimkazi is a marine conservation hub, rather than just a hub for marine activity. The fear of what currently exists being spoilt by the population’s youth who are unaware of the unique place they live in and must preserve, paired with the local’s desire for income through increased dolphin tourism and fishing big fish to sell to hotels – threatens biodiversity and is clearly a concern. However, there are now people on the ground addressing these issues, and volunteers’ efforts appear to be creating sustainable change. Regulation is African Impact’s goal, and those using the bay for research purposes only assist in achieving this goal - collecting valuable data that may help to promote the cause. The quantitative and qualitative data, summarised by those monitoring marine life in the Menai Bay shows some negative impact from climate change - for coral this is warmer waters and bleaching, for the dolphin’s habitat degradation. However, the most of the Zanzibari on whose shoulders future sustainability in the Menai Bay lies, have shown a willingness to learn why - and how - to maintain their environments rich biodiversity.
VOLUNTEER WITH AFRICAN IMPACT ON THEIR TROPICAL MARINE CONSERVATION & DOLPHIN RESEARCH PROJECT IN ZANZIBAR.